@JaredBusch said in Network Types - CompTIA A+ 220-1001 Prof Messer:

@scottalanmiller said in Network Types - CompTIA A+ 220-1001 Prof Messer:

@JaredBusch said in Network Types - CompTIA A+ 220-1001 Prof Messer:

@scottalanmiller said in Network Types - CompTIA A+ 220-1001 Prof Messer:

@connorsoliver said in Network Types - CompTIA A+ 220-1001 Prof Messer:

How common is MAN?

It's just a term. One that they thought would be common, but isn't. Really no one used it and it's just silly. LAN and WAN still describe all of the real types that matter. The idea of a MAN is kind of meaningless. So while they kind of exist regularly, no one talks about them.

It is also implied that it is something managed by the ISP (aka telcos back when it was a term actually used).

Used to imply, yeah. Today it is often down by owned wireless. But the first MAN I worked on was one we built privately in DC. No telecoms involved. That was early 2000.

First one I worked with was in some Citibank offices in the mid-late 90's in St. Louis. Telecoms involved only as far as providing the clean pairs of copper. Otherwise, Citi did it all themselves also.

I was similar. AT&T provided the fiber in case, but we managed everything else.

Cool very interesting!

taking a few mins to watch this!

@scottalanmiller said in Network Services - CompTIA A+ 220-1001 Prof Messer:

@valentina said in Network Services - CompTIA A+ 220-1001 Prof Messer:

are proxy servers used for security purposes? do they have other functions?

Yes, very much so.

They are also very commonly used to allow a single IP address to be used for many services. The most common example... a single proxy server with a single (expensive) public IP address can handle requests for hundreds of thousands, or even millions, of websites. Behind the proxy server can be one or one million separate web servers each serving out applications or web sites or whatever and the proxy server can look at the incoming request and determine, based on the URL used, which server and port to send the request to behind itself.

Because of the above, they are often used for load balancing because they can send requests to different servers for the same application or site.

Proxy servers often have caches in them, too. So they quite often store simple, static information "at the edge" to deliver it faster while the application servers behind them do the heavy work for database requests and stuff.

Proxy servers are sometimes used to "hide" the true location of a server. Cloudflare famously does this so that attackers have no idea where a web site actually comes from, all they see is Cloudflare's proxies.

A proxy can also do things like handle SSL security so that web servers behind it (or other servers, proxy doesn't imply web) don't have to do that work, as well.

Hrm, I only have around 20 subdomains pointing to the same IP so far. If my home lab box was a little beefier I'd take this as a challenge. (Scott might as well be describing my home lab environment here.)

I made this safe for work

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One of the clear problems with the CompTIA A+ has always been that it clearly caters to promoting Microsoft products and not being vendor neutral as it has always claimed to be. With the latest release, literally half of the exam is Windows only. There is no section for macOS, any Linux, iOS, Android, Chromebooks, nothing, nada. It's become a Windows exam, which means that they don't just skip the underlying principles that they claim the exam is about, and skip the neutrality for the industry that they claim it is about, but they also leave people going into entry level positions totally unprepared for the real world where running into non-Windows OSes is common. If you were learning from nothing but the A+, you might not even be aware that non-Windows exists. Let alone non-PC hardware, which appears to also be completely skipped.

@connorsoliver said in Installing and Configuring Expansion Cards - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

I've seen that people have used two graphics cards in a setup. How does this work exactly? I'm assuming you don't use the video outputs of both graphics cards.

Generally it is handled by a proprietary "bridge" for those specific cards that makes two (or more) cards act as one. Same as have two CPUs in a single PC.

@connorsoliver said in Understanding PC Memory - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

What exactly does registered memory do?

Wikipedia has about the best explanation of this. Mostly we ignore this, IT people really don't think about registered vs non-registered memory, that's something bench people worry about or your server vendor, but not IT. CompTIA mentions it because it is a bench exam.

Registered (also called buffered) memory modules have a register between the DRAM modules and the system's memory controller. They place less electrical load on the memory controller and allow single systems to remain stable with more memory modules than they would have otherwise. When compared with registered memory, conventional memory is usually referred to as unbuffered memory or unregistered memory. When manufactured as a dual in-line memory module (DIMM), a registered memory module is called an RDIMM, while unregistered memory is called UDIMM or simply DIMM.

Registered memory is often more expensive because of the lower number of units sold and additional circuitry required, so it is usually found only in applications where the need for scalability and robustness outweighs the need for a low price – for example, registered memory is usually used in servers.

DDR2 uses a clock speed twice as high as the bus speed. So DDR2 is double the speed of DDR given the same bus. The clock that the computer provides to the RAM is the same speed. But the memory clock speed in these cases as either 1x or 2x the bus speed from the computer. So the clock speed is double.

@travisdh1 said in Motherboard Jumpers and Connectors - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

@Dashrender said in Motherboard Jumpers and Connectors - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

@travisdh1 said in Motherboard Jumpers and Connectors - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

@connorsoliver said in Motherboard Jumpers and Connectors - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

Why are jumpers a thing? It seems like there would be a more effective way of doing the things that they are used for.

I think the last jumper I used was the last IDE HDD I used. That was at least only a single jumper to deal with.

Anyone else remember the days of 486 boards and the masses of jumpers to set all the board settings instead of having everything set in the BIOS?

486, you youngin'. 😛

I was messing with computers all the way back to the 80-86 days, just didn't have one at home till the 486 era.

The first computer I purchased (at age 13) was an 8086. though I think 286 or 386's were out at the time.

@connorsoliver I went on an image search of motherboards this morning. The Asus 99 deluxe only has a south bridge if you want to take a look.

@connorsoliver said in CPU Sockets - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

Is the LGA or PGA configuration more common in CPUs?

LGA is more common. And getting even more common in the future.

@connorsoliver said in Motherboard RAM Slots - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

What exactly does RAM affect in a computer? I'm assuming it has to do with speed right?

Not really. But kind of. It's complex. "Speed" is not at all the simply idea that it seems like with computers. There is so much more to it. Speed under what workloads, for example.

@connorsoliver said in Motherboard Expansion Slots and Bus Speeds - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

I sawn in this video that it talked about 32 bit and 64 bit connections. Does this have anything to do with wether your computer is determines as a 32 or 64 bit machine?

The system bus has nothing to do with weather your CPU is 8/16/32/64 bit. ISA/VESA/AGP/PCI/PCIx are all independent of the CPU.

@Dashrender said in An Overview of Motherboard Types - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

@scottalanmiller said in An Overview of Motherboard Types - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

@Dashrender said in An Overview of Motherboard Types - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

@JaredBusch said in An Overview of Motherboard Types - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

@scottalanmiller said in An Overview of Motherboard Types - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

@JaredBusch said in An Overview of Motherboard Types - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

@scottalanmiller said in An Overview of Motherboard Types - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

@mary said in An Overview of Motherboard Types - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

Are there more issues with heat with the smaller boards? Also what are the expansion slots used for?

Definitely, way more of an issue. It's what keeps boards so often so big.

Not really. Heat issues are almost exclusively related to the CPU and GPU any more. Memory just a little. Almost no other component gets hot.

So heat dissipation is needed for those 3 things. That has little to do with the board size.

The smaller the board, though, the less capacity for cooling.

That is not the board. The board does not cool those devices. Well heat radiates, so anything touching them cools it to a minor degree, but that does not affect anything to any degree that matters.

Most memory run cool enough that direct air over the chips suffices.

CPU and GPU need a heatsink and sometimes a fan to push air over the heatsink.

Frequently small mobos also mean small cases, these small cases can run into issues of lack of airflow... but really, the issue isn't the size of the mobo, but other things.

Mostly, yes. Although you have less board space for cooling, too. Giant server boards have room for front to back high volume airflow, for example.

Again, the board has zero to do with it. The case has everything to do with it. Granted, typically, small boards equal small cases, but this is in no way a requirement.

True

@connorsoliver I was wondering the same thing. I know we can download equivalents on our phones, but didn't think it was an option on the BIOS.

@mary said in BIOS Configurations - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

If your graphics card was failing would that show up in the diagnostics as well? This will be a great tool if you suspect hardware failure. As to the fake BIOS, if you make changes in the virtual environment will it show you a reflection of those changes?

Depends on the diagnostics. As external hardware, diagnostics of it tend to be more limited.

@Pete-S said in BIOS and UEFI - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

@travisdh1 said in BIOS and UEFI - CompTIA A+ 220-901 220-902 Video Training by Prof. Messer:

@Pete-S How long did you spend holding UV lights over those chips? Me = many hours, way to long.

Haha, spent a lot of time doing that. But I had an UV eraser which basically meant you could put it in and walk away.

I spend enough time doing it so I could immediately tell that the EPROM I posted a pic of above, is made by Texas Instruments (from the logo) and it's 256 kbit (from 27C256) so 32 kilobyte memory.

I am just about to add the first RAID video, I want to watch it all first and see what all it has.

@flaxking said in Always Study for the Future SAMIT Video:

When I was deciding when if I was going to do Server 2012 or 2016 certifications, I went with 2012, and I'm glad I did because it was still a year from that point that the Server 2016 exams came out, and I was already certified.

Maybe I should have worded it "study for the farthest future that there is a test for" 🙂